Sleep oscillations are novel pathophysiological targets for therapy to improve cognition. This talk will summarize our understanding of how sleep oscillations interact to consolidate memory and illustrate this with findings from our recent clinical trial in schizophrenia and ongoing studies of autism spectrum disorder. Finally, I will present pilot data from a study of auditory stimulation during sleep to improve memory. Our findings demonstrate that effective therapies will need to enhance sleep oscillatory dynamics and restore function at the network level.