Functional neurosurgery describes the field of image-guided and physiologically-guided surgeries that have a goal of modulating brain function. Recent advances in this field have expanded opportunities for research in humans undergoing neurosurgical procedures in which brain recording and stimulation are performed, even resulting in funding initiatives that are specific to “invasive human neuroscience.” This talk will describe examples of such work, including basal ganglia-cortical interactions during speech production in subjects undergoing deep brain stimulation, the neural dynamics of face and word processing in subjects undergoing intracranial monitoring, and challenges in developing closed-loop stimulation for epilepsy. A framework will be presented for optimizing collaborative opportunities for human systems neuroscience research in the setting of functional neurosurgery, taking into consideration issues of neuroethics and data sharing.